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2 articles
The Moon Landing Hoax Theory
Between July 1969 and December 1972, twelve Americans walked on the Moon across six successful Apollo lunar missions. The astronauts brought back 382 kilograms of lunar rock, planted six retroreflector arrays still in active use today, and left behind hardware that the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has photographed from lunar orbit since 2009. The Soviet Union — which had every conceivable reason to expose a fraud — tracked the missions in real time on its own deep-space network at Yevpatoria, congratulated the United States publicly, and never disputed that the landings occurred. The hoax theory, which originated in a 1976 self-published book by a former Rocketdyne technical writer named Bill Kaysing, claims that all six landings were staged in a film studio. The theory has been polled at 6-20% of American adults in various surveys since the early 2000s. This article describes the theory, addresses each of its central evidentiary claims, and explains why the scientific and historical communities consider the case for the landings overwhelming.
Operation Paperclip
Between 1945 and 1959, the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps and the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency secretly transported more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians from defeated Nazi Germany to the United States — together with files that had been quietly stripped of references to Nazi Party membership, SS rank, and slave-labour exploitation. The clip on the folder was where the program got its name. The most prominent of the imported men was Wernher von Braun, designer of the V-2 ballistic missile, who twenty-four years later watched the Saturn V — a rocket built by his Huntsville team — lift Apollo 11 toward the Moon.
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